(Shortened title, Year, Section Name section, para. Note: For further explanation of retrieval dates, see the Tips section on this page. Or, to emphasize that the page could be updated, include a retrieval date: Title of page: Subtitle (if any). (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Name of Website. If a URL is too long to fit onto one line, try to break it at a slash (/). But if you use a web page that is continually updated, providing a retrieval date can help clarify inconsistencies between the page when you viewed it and when it was viewed by your reader. If you use a stable, archived version of a web page, no retrieval date is needed. Unfortunately, however, determining which situations require this date can be challenging. Most website citations in APA 7th Edition do not require a retrieval date. Titles of websites should be in plain text but use italics for webpages, articles, etc. If there is no date provided, put the letters (n.d.) in round brackets where you'd normally put the date. For example you may have a year but no month or day. ![]() If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. However, APA tends to reserve this type of citation for a very small set of sources: for example, The Bible and some dictionaries and encyclopedias such as Wikipedia (which should not form a central part of your research). If there is no known author, you can start the citation with the title of the website instead. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Here’s TIME’s collection of the 15 websites that most influenced the medium, and why.It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. ![]() Who could have known in those early days, that by 2017, a landscape once loomed over by companies like Microsoft (Internet Explorer) and Netscape (Navigator) would fractionalize and give way to totally new players like Google (Chrome)? Adobe’s Shockwave and Flash media players were at one point multimedia stars in the ascendant. In the mid-1990s VRML (or as it was then known, Virtual Reality Markup Language) seemed on the verge of transforming the web. ![]() But it established vital first principles still essential to the web as it exists today: the notion of hyperlinks that reimagined documents (and eventually any form of media) as nonlinear texts, and the ability for anyone, anywhere in the world, to peruse that content by way of a browser: a piece of software that cohered to universal formatting standards. The website wasn’t much at the time, just a few sentences organized into topic areas that laid out the arguments for the concept. On that date, nearly three decades ago, British engineer and scientist Tim Berners-Lee launched the world’s first website, running on a NeXT computer at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. The web, or “world wide web” as we used to say, turns 27 years old on December 20.
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